1	Will War Bring Peace To Jammu and Kashmir?
2	Introduction The Kashmir Issue The Political/Diplomatic Options The Military Options Escalation Potential – At the Brink Strategic Costs Human Costs Economic Costs Risk Mitigation – Missile Defense Missile Defense Options Conclusions Q & A
3	The Kashmir Issue Jammu and Kashmir unresolved since 1947 Pakistani intervention in 1990 has turned it into a “Nuclear Flashpoint” Any Indian attempts to defuse the situation – elections, ceasefire, talks – scuttled by Pakistani military and ISI Lone killing, Continued killings of pro-India politicians Post-September 11 events failed to end Pakistan's sponsorship of Kashmir terror
4	Issues Vs. Solutions
5	Political Options LOC -> International Border Greater Autonomy to J&K Trifurcation/Quadrification Abrogation of Article 370, full integration of state with India Independence/Ceding to Pakistan Intact Pakistan military establishment will never sign on to Option 1 through 4 Option 5 will open the floodgates of secession movements and will provide Jehadis a new base for further invasion of India
6	Diplomatic Options Bilateral relations – embassy closings etc. Trade/treaties: Indus Water Treaty – Pakistan may regard abrogation as act of war Third party intervention – US “facilitation” US unwilling to press Pakistan All options so far used have failed US, Britain have accepted that terrorism is central issue
7	Military Options – Pinpoint Strikes Aim - Pinpoint strikes to destroy terror camps in POK At best will displace camps temporarily Pakistani terrorist infrastructure intact Infiltration will continue Few benefits, costs may be high – some danger of nuclear escalation
8	Military Options – Limited POK Incursion Aim – Occupation of strategic areas in POK Could cut off most infiltration routes Provide India with buffer zone Will leave Pakistani military strength intact for future adventurism Other routes may be found – through Nepal, Bangladesh Is achievable within few days before western powers intervene (?) Higher danger of nuclear escalation
9	Military Options – Full Scale War Aims Significant Degradation of Pakistani Military Possible fragmentation of Pakistan De-nuclearization Taking back of entire POK Comprehensive solution to terrorism in South Asia Could eradicate Al Qaida in concert with US action in Afghanistan/Western Pakistan Indian air superiority can be gained quickly, but ground action will lag Most difficult to achieve – may take too long to pre-empt international intervention Nuclear escalation is extremely likely While benefits are high, costs without US support are very high also
10	Escalation – At the Brink Limited incursion into POK appears to be the most effective cost-benefit option Nuclear escalation is possible with any option, due to Pakistani doctrine What is nuclear escalation? Why is India hesitant to use any military option? Nuclear delivery options Airplanes Missiles Pak air force is weak, but missile armoury is not Even without a nuclear exchange, Pakistani missile armoury can create significant losses to India within hours Pre-emptive Pakistani strike strong possibility in next few years, esp. if J&K stays in India
11	Strategic Costs Missile attacks on air bases Air superiority can be neutralized in hours
12	Human Costs Hundreds of thousands could die in single nuclear attack on population center Hundreds could die in conventional missile attack, but effects on morale would be devastating considering India has not built shelters for civilian population After-effects of multiple nuclear attacks on cities would be catastrophic
13	Economic Costs Successful nuclear missile attacks on Bombay, Bangalore, Delhi would set India's economy back by decades Accurate conventional missile strikes on Bombay Stock Exchange, other economic assets would be disastrous Economic and health effects could reverberate around the world
14	Lack of Informed Debate After Persian Gulf War and attacks by Iraqi Scuds, Israel spent next decade building an effective missile defense system The SDI-Star Wars debate in the US was sparked by a significant threat of Soviet ICBMs Very little informed debate in India despite the clear and present danger from Pakistani missiles
15	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense No country has national missile defense Theater missile defense in place around Moscow and in Israel US forces use PAC-2/3 batteries Russian S-300/Antey 2500 anti-ballistic missile system deployed in India Moderate effectiveness ~60% per interceptor vs. 30-50% for PAC-2/3 Israeli Arrow ABM system much more effective ~90% (?) per interceptor (not ready?)
16	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense
17	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense Simplistic view of Theater Anti-Missile Defense (TAMD) architecture Percentage protection of each asset is function of interceptor effectiveness and number of interceptors assigned per expected enemy missile: LR = (1 – P_k)ⁿ LR = Leakage Rate, P_k = Probability of kill by interceptor, n = number of interceptors used per missile For example, might want to achieve 99% protection of population centers, 94% protection of air bases
18	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense Assume Pakistan has ~100 missiles For protecting Delhi, Bombay and Bangalore with 99% certainty, need 300 Russian S-300 interceptors, or 70 Israeli Arrow interceptors. For protecting 10 air bases with 94% certainty, need 300 Russian interceptors, or 100 Israeli Arrow interceptors
19	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense
20	Risk Mitigation – Options in Missile Defense
21	Risk Mitigation: Missile Defense Cost Comparison For such a sample TAMD deployment the cost is ~$600 million for Russian S-300 or ~$200 million for Israeli Arrow-2 system Compare to hundreds of millions of dollars spent on deployment and counter-insurgency operations per month by India Goal is not to arrive at exact figures, but to generate a debate on what it will cost India to protect itself and to break Pakistan's terrorist stranglehold of J&K
22	Conclusions Kashmir problem is a set of complex issues, but root is in the terrorism/fundamentalism export from Pakistan Political solutions are more suited to local Muslim demands vs. aspirations of Jammu, Ladakh, and Kashmiri Hindus “Facilitation” will not solve the issues Terrorism solution is unlikely without military action
23	Conclusions Pakistani ballistic missiles expose India to grave nuclear and conventional threat, neutralize India's air superiority Lack of informed debate in India on immediate need for theater anti-missile defense is troubling Cost may be in hundreds of millions – compare to continuing costs of J&K counter-insurgency and Pak confrontation TAMD may be answer to Pakistani nuclear blackmail and a crucial component of military action to end Kashmir terrorism
24	Web References: www.ikashmir.org www.kashmirherald.com www.kashmiri-pandit.org www.panunkashmir.org
25	Q & A